Challenges in Integrating Outcome-Based Education (OBE) in Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

This systematic literature review investigates the challenges of integrating Outcome-Based Education in higher education institutions. Following PRISMA guidelines, 10 empirical studies published between 2013 and 2024 were analyzed. The review identified seven primary challenges: continuous assessment and feedback (80% of studies), efficient time and resource management (80%), developing teaching and learning resources (70%), mindset and cultural change among educators (70%), redesigning Outcome-Based Education curriculum (60%), enhancing educators' skills as facilitators (60%), and diversifying teaching methods and assessment (30%). These challenges span pedagogical, administrative, and cultural dimensions, highlighting the complex nature of Outcome-Based Education implementation. The findings underscore the need for a multifaceted approach to Outcome-Based Education integration, encompassing professional development, strategic resource allocation, and institutional culture change. This review provides valuable insights for higher education institutions implementing or refining Outcome-Based Education practices, offering recommendations to address these challenges systematically and enhance the effectiveness of Outcome-Based Education implementation.