The Implementation of Apprenticeship in Vocational Education: A Systematic Review

Abstract

This systematic review investigates the implementation, adaptability and challenges of apprenticeship systems in vocational education with a particular interest in their use in underdeveloped regions. From the Scopus database, fifteen empirical studies published between 2018 and 2024 were selected by using the PRISMA framework for analysis. The review identifies key themes: The role of public-private partnerships, integration of technology, the cultural and regional adaptability of apprenticeship models, and dual training systems as a core framework. Results show that dual training systems enhance employability and education meets industry requirements, and Germany and Malaysia are excellent examples. Resource sharing and curricula alignment with labor market demands, it was argued, required public-private partnerships. Innovative technologies such as virtual reality fill infrastructure gaps in resource limited areas. Nevertheless, there are still major challenges, including policy misalignments, funding deficits, and socio-cultural barriers. The implications of these findings for policymakers and educators interested in improving apprenticeship models in vocational education are actionable. The review suggests localized, context sensitive strategies and more integration of emerging technologies to scale and increase the effectiveness of these systems.