Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Comprehensive Review of Trends, Challenges and Future Directions in Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the educational landscape by enhancing teaching methodologies, personalizing learning experiences and streamlining administrative tasks. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent trends, emerging challenges and future directions in the application of AI within educational contexts, with a particular focus on Nigeria and sub-Sahara Africa. It explores how technologies such as intelligent tutoring systems, adaptive learning environments, natural language processing and AI-driven assessments are reshaping pedagogy and learner engagement. Furthermore, the paper examines critical challenges in the Nigerian context, including digital infrastructure deficits, data privacy concerns, algorithmic bias and inequitable access to AI tools. Ethical considerations and the preparedness of educators and institutions are also discussed. The review concludes with insights into future directions such as explainable AI, human-AI collaboration and the development of inclusive, culturally relevant educational models. The findings aim to inform educators, policymakers and researchers on the current state and strategic potential of AI in transforming Nigeria’s education system.