The Impact of Digital and Manual- Based Learning Approaches on Student Learning Outcomes in High School Level

Abstract

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of digital and manual-based learning approaches on student academic outcomes at SMA Negeri 6 Bandar Lampung. The background of this research is based on the need to understand the contribution of each approach in the context of secondary education, in line with the rapid development of educational technology. This research employs a mixed methods approach with a sequential explanatory design. A total of 160 students were selected using stratified random sampling to represent the diversity of class levels and majors. Quantitative data were collected through learning outcome tests, student engagement questionnaires, and classroom activity observations, while qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with selected teachers and students. The analysis results show that digital-based learning significantly enhances student engagement and allows the use of interactive multimedia content. Meanwhile, the manual approach tends to be more effective in supporting deep cognitive processing and conceptual understanding. These findings suggest that the integration of both approaches, proportionally adjusted to the characteristics of the subject matter and learning objectives, has the potential to optimize student learning outcomes. The implications of this study include the need for curriculum development and learning strategies that are adaptive to technological dynamics while still maintaining the effective traditional pedagogical elements.